Major and minor losses in pipe flow pdf

Introduction in this lab we will be looking at how head loss varies in straight and bent pipes. Sudden contractiondecrease in pipe diameter loss is given by 2 2 2 g v k h l note that the loss is related to the velocity in the second smaller pipe. Major and minor losses in pipes mechanical engineering. Minor in comparison to friction losses which are considered major. Essentially, everything within the system which is not a section of. Like pipe friction, these losses are roughly proportional to the square of the flow rate. These minor losses can be calculated from the following relationship. The resistance to flow in a pipe is a function of the pipe length, pipe diameter, mean velocity, properties of the fluid and roughness of the pipe if the flow is turbulent, but it is independent of. The total energy loss in a pipe system is the sum of the major and minor losses. Flow through pipes characteristics of flow through pipes energy head losses in flow through pipes major losses such as loss of head due to friction darcy wisbach formula minor losses such as loss of head at entry, change in diameter, bend etc. Head losses, frictional head losses, major head losses, minor head. Minor losses in piping systems are generally characterized as any losses which are due to pipe inlets and outlets.

Losses are proportional to velocity of flow and geometry of device. Minor losses most pipe systems consist of considerably more than straight pipes. The minor losses are any head loss present in addition to the head loss for the same length of straight pipe. Head loss in pipe flow system due to various piping components such as valves, fittings, elbows, contractions, enlargement, tees, bends and exits will be termed as minor head loss and will be indicated. Apr 24, 2018 minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Major losses are formed in long length pipes and are due to the head loss in the straight sections.

Pipe flow larry caretto mechanical engineering 390 fluid mechanics april 8 and 15, 2008 2 outline laminar and turbulent flows developing and fullydeveloped flows laminar and turbulent velocity profiles. Calculate the major and minor losses associated with pipe flow in piping networks and determine the pumping. Minor head losses in pipe flow mechanical engineering. Minor losses about 50% of the energy is lost when the fluid enters a pipe with a square edged entrance. In turbulent flow we can use either the colebrook or the zigrangsylvester equation, depending. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. The specific hydraulic model that we are concerned with for this experiment is the energy.

Major and minor losses pipe flow fluid mechanics gate. Major losses occur due to friction within a pipe, and minor losses occur at a change of section, valve, bend or other interruption. There are many types of losses of head for flowing liquids such as friction, inlet and outlet losses. Minor loss losses caused by fittings, bends, valves etc. Minor loss is a function of the deviations from a straight pipe flow, meaning all the turns the pipe makes using various connections.

Such losses are generally termed minor losses, although they often account for a major portion of the head loss. The minor losses occur due to any disturbance that might occur to the flow, which is mainly caused by the. The major loss is that due to frictional resistance of the pipe, which depends on. Pressure loss in a hydraulic pipe system can be further classified into minor and major losses with each being a function of different variables. Direct solutions of pipe flow problems are not possible because of the implicit. If the pipe is long enough the minor losses can usually be neglected as they are much smaller than the major losses. Major losses occur due to the friction effect between the moving fluid and the walls of the pipe. Minor losses is a term used to describe losses that occur in fittings, expansions, contractions. Pipe technology is based on the universal principles of fluid flow.

Pdf minor losses in pipes venkitaraj konery purushothaman. Pq or we can relate it to the head loss due to pipe friction via power. Minor losses is a term used to describe losses that occur in fittings, expansions, contractions, and the like. However, pipe systems usually consist of many other components, such as valves, bends, elbows, expansions, etc. Major losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the fluid and roughness of the pipe wall. Dec 01, 2018 the energy losses that occur during steady state conditions are classified into two categories, the major losses and the minor losses. Pdf hydraulic losses in pipes henryk kudela academia.

Minor secondary head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and outlets. Major losses create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure must work to overcome the frictional resistance. Simultaneous optimal estimation of roughness and minor loss. These additional components add to the overall head loss of the system. If there were no friction in the pipe, the head loss would be zero. Head loss in pipe flow major and minor losses portland state. The total pressure drop is p apb 150 kpa, and the elevation drop is z azb 5 m. Frictional losses major losses usually are responsible for the majority of the pressure losses in a pipe system.

The value of k is typically provided for various devices. Head loss in pipe flow system due to viscous effect i. The loss is associated with the contraction of flow and turbulence the section at which the flow is the narrowest vena contracta at vena contracta, the velocity is maximum. Watch this video till the end to know the values of these exams and tips. For the minor losses, the effect of different fitting types were calculated. Energy losses when a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance due to which some of the energy of the fluid is lost. Major losses occur due to friction within a pipe, and minor losses occur at a change of section, valve. Water in a city is distributed by extensive piping net. In industry any pipe system contains different technological elements as bends, fittings, valves or heated channels. Major and minor losses from fluid mechanics pipe flow is explained in this video. Major losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the medium and roughness of the pipe wall. This is different from major losses because those come from friction in pipes over long spans. While major loss is a function of the dimensions of a certain d.

Minor losses are head losses due to flow through fittings and are related by loss coefficient. You created this pdf from an application that is not licensed to print to. Even though they are termed minor, the losses can be greater than the major losses, for example, when a valve is almost. In the experiment described below, we investigate the frictional resistance to flow along a long straight pipe with smooth walls. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Special pipe components and fittings such as pipe bends or elbows, pipe branches, changes in crosssection, and valves alter flow geometry and produce additional pressure losses apart from the wall friction losses. Losses in straight pipes are called major losses losses in fittings, joints, valves, etc.

Methods and materials major losses a technovate fluid circuit system was used to obtain the pressure drop across a pipe section and the pressure drop across the orifice. Apr 09, 2014 for friction head loss, the friction factor is 64re for laminar flow, and a more complex formula for turbulent flow. For this lab, a technovate fluid circuit system, shown in figure 4, and an edibon energy losses in bends module fme05, shown in figure 5, were used to determine the major and minor losses that pipes create. Valve 52 was used to control the flow rate through the system. Effect of minor losses during steady flow in transmission. Oil and natural gas are transported hundreds of miles by large pipelines. For a long pipeline, on the other hand, skin friction at the pipe wall will predominate. For relatively short pipe systems, with a relatively large. Major losses are due to friction while, minor losses are due to the velocity change in bends, valves and changes in area. Flow in pipes fluid flow in circular and noncircular pipes is commonly encountered in practice.

Rounding the entrance corner will reduce the loss coefficient. For relatively short pipe systems, with a relatively large number of bends and fittings, minor losses can easily exceed major losses especially with a partially closed valve that can cause a greater pressure loss than a long pipe. Head loss in pipe flow major and minor losses me 322 lecture slides, winter 2007 gerald recktenwald. In the experiment described below, we investigate the frictional resistance to flow along a long straight pipe. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on youtube. Due to the complexity of the piping system and the number of fittings that are used. Even though these losses are called minor, they can be. The hot and cold water that we use in our homes is pumped through pipes. Major head loss head loss or pressure loss due to friction in pipes and ducts. Bends, expansions, contractions, valves, fittings, and meters are a few of them. Fittings commonly used in the industry include bends, tees, elbows, unions, and of course, valves used to control flow. A pipe losses most pipe systems consist of considerably more than straight pipes. Essentially, everything within the system which is not a section of pipe or other major component.

Losses in a piping system are typically catagorized as major and minor losses. Minor losses in pipes come from changes and components in a pipe system. In direction of flow, due to friction cause by viscosity of the fluid we. Minor losses are a larger component in total head loss for systems with many fitting and few long straight sections of pipes. In this practical you will investigate the impact of major and minor losses on water flow in pipes. The major loss is that due to frictional resistance of the pipe, which depends on the inside. Calculate the total flow in each pipe and the direction of flow in pipe jb if. The effects of these usually do not play a major role in the overall losses of the pipe system individually, but can still add up quickly together. For the major losses, the water flow was pushed through a small diameter pipe and a large diameter pipe. I am interested in head loss due to things like sudden contraction, elbows, tees, pipe junctions, etc. Major head loss this is a continuous loss of head, assumed to occur at a uniform rate along the pipe as long as the size and quality of pipe remain constant, and is commonly referred to as the loss of head due to friction calculated using formulas. Analysis of a hydraulic pipe system with major and minor.

The energy loss which occurs in a pipe fitting socalled secondary loss is commonly expressed in terms of a head loss h, metres in the form. Empirical data on viscous losses in straight sections of pipe are. Energy losses in pipe flow major energy loss due to friction minor energy losses a. Because of the complexity of flow in many fittings, k is usually determined by experiment. Losses are proportional to velocity of flow, geometry of device. Theory there are two different relationships between head loss and internal. If the pipe protrudes into the tank the loss coefficient will be even larger. Minor losses, on the other hand, are due to pipe fittings, changes in the flow direction, and changes in the flow area. From there we will be able to calculate the darcyweisback friction factor, reynolds number, fitting loss factor, and head loss. The module contained a long elbow, a sudden enlargement, and sudden. Minor losses in pipe flow are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems.

Water flow in pipes major and minor headlosses in pipes loss of head meaning loss of energy that occurs in any flow of fluid through a pipe. Two types of energy loss predominate in fluid flow through a pipe network. The minor losses are greater than the major losses and are raised by 1. Major losses are head losses due to friction and are related by the dimensionless friction factor. In addition, the exercise was performed to understand the effect of minor energy losses due to various pipe fittings used in fluid transport and the similarities and differences between these two types of losses. Head loss in pipe flow system due to various piping components such as valves, fittings, elbows, contractions, enlargement, tees, bends and exits will be termed as minor head loss and will be indicated by h l minor. For this lab, a technovate fluid circuit system, shown in figure 4, and an edibon energy losses in bends module fme05, shown in figure 5, were used to determine the major and minor losses that pipes. These additional components valves, bends, tees, and the like add to the overall head loss of the system. In other cases the minor losses are greater than the major losses.